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Vani ((ウルドゥー語:ونی)) is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan wherein young girls are forcibly married as part of punishment for a crime committed by her male relatives.〔(Vani: Pain of child marriage in our society ) Momina Khan, News Pakistan (October 26, 2011)〕 ''Vani'' is a form of arranged child marriage,〔Nasrullah, M., Zakar, R., & Krämer, A. (2013). Effect of child marriage on use of maternal health care services in Pakistan. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122(3), pp 517-524〕 and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named ''jirga''.〔(Forced child marriage tests Pakistan law ) Barbara Plett, BBC News (5 December 2005)〕〔Bedell, J. M. (2009), Teens in Pakistan, Capstone〕 The custom became illegal in Pakistan in 2005 or 2011 at the latest;〔PPC S. 310A inserted by (Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2004 (I of 2005) ), S. 7 and amended by (Criminal Law (Third Amendment) Act, 2011 (XXVI of 2011) ), S. 2〕 however, the practice continues.〔(Vani verdict ) The Tribune (IHT / New York Times Group), Pakistan (October 9, 2012)〕 Recently the courts in Pakistan have begun taking serious note and action against the continuation of the practice.〔cf. e.g. ''Samar Minallah v. Federation of Pakistan'', (Const.P. No. 16/2004 )〕 ''Vani'' is sometimes spelled as ''Wani'' or ''Wanni''. It is a Pashto word derived from vanay which means blood. ''Vani'' is also known as ''Sak'', ''Swara'' () and ''Sangchatti'' () in different regional languages of Pakistan.〔Nasrullah, M., Muazzam, S., Bhutta, Z. A., & Raj, A. (2013). Girl Child Marriage and Its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007. Maternal and child health journal, pp 1-10〕〔(Vani a social evil ) Anwar Hashmi and Rifat Koukab, The Fact (Pakistan), (July 2004)〕〔Ahsan, I. (2009). PANCHAYATS AND JIRGAS (LOK ADALATS): Alternative Dispute Resolution System in Pakistan. Strengthening Governance Through Access To Justice〕 Some claim ''Vani'' can be avoided if the clan of the girl agrees to pay money, called ''Deet'' (). ==Rationale== Hashmi and Koukab claim 〔 this custom started almost 400 years ago when two northwestern Pakistani Pashtun tribes fought a bloody war against each other. During the war, hundreds were murdered. The Nawab, regional ruler, settled the war by calling a ''Jirga'' of elders from both sides. The elders decided that the dispute and crime of men be settled by giving their girls as ''Qisas'', a retaliatory punishment. Ever since then, tribal and rural ''jirgas'' have been using young virgin girls from 4 to 14 years old, through child marriages, to settle crimes such as murder by men. This ''blood for blood'' tradition is practiced in different states of Pakistan such as Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Sarhad and tribal areas. A report by Pakistan's Law Commission states that sharia principle of Qisas is the rationale for Vani.〔Pakistan Law Commission Report, , Commonwealth Law Bulletin, Volume 30, 51, pp. 361-363〕 Some scholars〔Saeed, R. R. (2004). Women status in Pakistan under customs and values& the controversial hudood ordinance 1979〕〔Shamsie, M. (2002). A matter of dishonour. Index on Censorship, 31(4), pp 191-195〕〔Khouri, N. (2007). Human Rights and Islam: Lessons from Amina Lawal and Mukhtar Mai. Geo. J. Gender & L., 8, 93.〕 claim the Hudud Ordinance of 1979 by Pakistan government, which made Sharia its prime source of law, as another driver encouraging ''Vani''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vani (custom)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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